Firefly Luciferase
The application of FLuc as a reporter began in the late 1980s, following its initial cloning, and expression in mammalian cells. The FLuc enzyme was found to be a sensitive reporter for biological assays and catalytically active as a monomer and was optimized for expression and activity as a reporter gene in mammalian cells, though it is now widely used for biochemical applications in high-throughput screening (HTS) as well. A luciferase from a different species of firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica, has also been optimized and developed for use as a reporter on the basis of its utilization of D-luciferin (D-LH2) and ATP as substrates (e.g., Ultra-Glo). Typical biochemical assays that utilize either FLuc or Ultra-Glo include those that measure ATP or ADP concentrations or use pro-luciferin substrates to detect target protein activity.
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